Redox reaction- Short for oxidation-reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance and added to another. Oxidation and reduction always occur together.
Oxidation- The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction.
Reduction- The gain of electrons by a sustance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation.
Dehydrogenase- An enzyme that catalyzes a chamical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule.
Chemiosmosis- Energy-coupling mechanics that uses the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to phosphoarylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells.
Intermediates- The compounds that form between the initial reactant.
Lactic acid fermentation- The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
Alcohol fermentation- The conversion of pyruvate from glycolysis to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
Obligate Anaerobes- An organism that only carries out fermentation; such organisms cannot use oxygen and also may be poisoned by it.
Factultative Anaerobe- An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but that switches to fermentation when oxygen is absent.
Reading Journal:
1) What are the three main stages of cellular respiration? First is Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm and begins respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules to pyruvate. Second is the Citric Acid Cycle, which takes place in the Mitochondria and the main function is to supply the third stage of respiration with electrons. The Oxidative phosphorylation stage takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
2) What is Fermentation? under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells, yeasts, and certain bacteria to produce small amounts of ATP by glycolysis without oxygen.
3)What does cellular respiration provide? It provides ATP, which is required for ceullular work.
Five Facts:
1) The role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to accept electrons from the electron transport chain.
2) In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized and NAD is reduced.
3) Pyruvate to lactate is the first molecule to to reduce to the second molecule.
4) Cells use some food molecules and intermediates from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle as raw materials.
5) In oxidation/ reduction, electrons lose potential energy during their transfer from organic compounds to oxygen.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for organisms. Photosynthesis is used exclusively in plants, using light as energy to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration is given all of its energy from ATP to power cellular work. In oxidation/reduction, electrons lose potentional energy during their transfer from organic compounds to oxygen. in oxidation, it is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the addition of electrons.
In cellular respiration, ATP is made in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and divided into three stages, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In Glycolysis, ATP is used to to split a glucose molecule in two. these turn into three carbon molecules and are oxidized and converted into two molecules pyruvate, a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The citric acid cycle, enzymes start to process the pyruvate, releasing CO2. It then produces NADH and acetyl CoA. Citrate is formedby adding a two carbongroup to a four carbon compound. for each cycle, 2CO2 are released and the energy yield is 1 ATP, 1FADH2, and 3NADH.
Oxidative Phosphorylation is composed of the electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis. In the electron transport chain, electrons from NADh and FADH2 are trasnported to oxygenn, while picking up hydrogen to form water, while releasing energy by these redox actions. in Chemiosmosis, the hydrogen goes down the concentration graident to and through the ATP synthase. Hydrogen provides energy for the ATP synthase, so that it can form ATP.
This process is called Chemiosmosios. After the hydrogen molecules travel down the hydrogen gradient, it goes through the ATP synthase. Here, it provides energy so that ADP and P forms to produce ATP.Video Link cellular respiration:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlZZUtpyCgQ
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