Chapter Four

Key Terms:
Cell Theory: States that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from all other cells.
Cell Wall: Protects cells and help maintain their shape.
Flagella: locomotion organelles of some bacteria through liquid enviroments.
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
Nucleoid: A region in a prokaryotic where the DNA lies
Glycoprotein: Short chains of sugars hat are often linked to the polypeptide.
Golgi apparatus: It serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory where it recievews and modifies products from the ER. One side serves as the recieving side from the ER. The other side is the shipping side.
Peroxisome: An organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system but is involved in various metabolic functions that also include the breakdown of fatty acids that can be used as fuel and detoxification of harmful substances.
Lysosome: Consists of digestive enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac.
Mitochondrion: Organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells and convert the chemical energy of foods to ATP.

Reading Journal:

1) What does an electron miscrope do? An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons and has a higher resolution than a light microscope.
2) What is a plasmodesmata? They are channels between adjacent plant cells and forma circulatory and communication system connectin the cells in plant tissues.
3) What are examples of structures that are found in plant cells that aren't in animal cells? Some examples are the chloroplast, central vacuole, and the cell wall.

Five Facts:
1) A light microscope (LM) are the most commonly used microscope and use Glass lenses in the microscope to bend light to magnify the image of the specimen.
2) Bacteria and archea consist of prokaryotic cells. All other forms of life such as animals, plants, protists, and fungi consist of eukaryotic cells.
3) A cellular metabolism are the chemical activities of the cell.
4) The endomembrane system are physically connected and some are related by the transfer of membrane segments by tiny vesicles and include lysosomes, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.
5) There are three types of cell junctions that are found in animal tissues: tight junctions (membranes of neighboring cells that are very tightly pressed against each other); Anchoring junctions (function like rivets fastening cells together into strong sheets); and gap junction (channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein lined pores between neighboring cells).

Light microscope (LM) works by passing visible light through a specimen. An electron microscope (EM) uses a beam of electrons and has a higher resolution than a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study details of an internal cell structure. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells. Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells and usually consist of bacteria and archea. Eukaryotic cells are composed of all other life forms such as animal, plant, fungi, and protists cells. For all cells, the structure of the membrane correlates with their functions. The plasma membrane and the internal membranes of a eukaryotic cell perofrm diverse functions. The nucleus is the cell's genetic control center. The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus. Ribosomes make proteins for the cell to use and export. The golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products after the products go through the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes digest food and other structures of the cells that no longer work and take them out of the cell and contain enzymes. The mitochondria are organells that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells, converting the chemical energy of foods to ATP. in plant cells, chloroplasts covnert solar energy into chemical energy for the cell to use. Cilia anf flagella move when microtubules bend. Paramecium is an example of a specimen that have cilia. A sperm cell is an example of a specimen that has flagellum.

The hypothesis of endosymbiosis proposes that the mitochondria and chloroplasts were orignally separate prokaryote organisms. They were than taken in by larger cells and began to live within that cell. The reason behind this is that both organells are surrounded by a double membrane, and have ribosomes.



Video Link Cell Theory:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiZFCMrx4Kg