Chapter Twelve

Key terms:
Genetic engineering- involves manipulating genes for practical purposes
Gene cloning- leads to the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA
Plasmids- small, circular DNA molecules independent of the bacterial chromosome
Restriction enzymes- cut DNA at specific sequences
Restriction fragments- single stranded ends called "sticky ends"
Genomic library- is a collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a target genome
Biotechnology- the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
Gene cloning- the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA.
Reverse transcriptase- an enzyme which is obtained from retroviruses.
Complementary DNA (cDNA)- represents the only subset of genes that had been transcribed into mRNA in the starting cells.

Reading Journal:
1) What is a plasmid library? genomic DNA which are carried by plasmids
2) What are advantages of cloning with cDNA? you are able to study genes responsible for specialized characteristics of a particular cell type, and you are able to obtain gene sequences without introns.
3) What are some products of DNA technology? therapeutic hormones, such as insulin and human growth hormones; it also helps the diagnosis and treatment of disease.


Five Facts:
1) DNA ligase DNA fragments together.
2) Cells and organisms containing cloned genes are used to manufacture large quantities of gene products.
3) Recombinant DNA is formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences from two sources to form a single DNA molecule.
4) Plasmids are key tools for gene cloning, because they are able to carry virtually any gene and are passed on from one generation of bacteria to the next.
5) phages can also serve as vectors, which are DNA carriers, when cloning genes.

Biotechnology, which is the manipulation of multiple organisms or their components to make useful products. Biotechnology has been used for almost thousands of years.
Gene cloning, is the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA. Some applications of gene cloning include mass production of gene products for medical and other uses. Researchers also use gene cloning to produce hormones to diagnose and treat diseases, and produce vaccines. Some examples include insulin for diabetes and growth hormone for those who have growth disabilities. Recombinant DNA technology can be used to produce new genetic varieties of plants and animals. Many important crop plants are genetically modified to be immune to the chemicals that are sprayed to protect from diseases and insects. There are many risks, especially ecological damage, from genetic engineering.
DNA profiling is the analysis of DNA fragments can determine whether two samples of DNA come from the same individual. DNA profiling is most frequently used in solving crimes and finding suspects. Some methods include using a thumbprint and gel electrophoresis.
Genomics is the study of whole genomes, and has advanced rapidly in recent years. Nonhuman genomes can be compared with the human genome. Information from the Human Genome Project revealed that the haploid human genome contains about 21,000 genes and a huge amount of non coding DNA. The Human Genome Project used genetic and physical mapping of chromosomes along with DNA sequencing. Genomic data provides insight into recent and ancient evolution.



Here are steps of Gel electrophoresis. Once the aragose gel is prepared, the DNA sample is added into lane 2. The gel runs through an electric current, which separates the DNA band into size. The dye is then added the DNA and exposed under UV light, which makes the DNA visible.









Youtube video of DNA technology:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc3jArZXHjs